The letter Ra (ر) produces a specificsound, by beats, like the 'r' rolled in the word "pajáro" in Spanish.

 

 

 

This letter is a constrictive median with beats, also called vibrating, for generally they include a vibration either of the tip of the tongue or of the uvula.

 

 

 

 

This is independent of the vibrations of the vocal cords, which may or may not bepresent.

 

 

 

 

Its articulation is made with the tip of the tongue near the alveoli of the upper incisors;

 

 

 

  

In passing, the expiratory breath puts it into vibration, which brings it at intervalles into contact with the palate:

 

 

 

  

there is, then, a series of very short occlusions separated by small vocalic elements,

 

 

 

  

the vocal cordsbeing usually in vibration(Except in contact with a deaf letter or at the end of the sentence).

 

 

 

The air flow has a trajectory that follows the median line of the tongue to the level of the alveoli of the upper incisors.

 

 

 

The distinctive features of the articulation

Of the letter Ra(ر):

 

 

 

ر # Vocal, Absence of breath, it occurs by vocalization, and vibration of vocal corps and thus put in conscious tension of the vocal muscles that will contract!

 

 

 

ر # final letters,

The sound is articulated at the end of the phonatory and expiratory device,

here, on the tip of the tongue!

 

 

 

 

ر #The Clarification, Partial sound flow.

 

 

 

 

 

ر #It's sometimes articulate in an emphatic way, the sound will then go towards the palate,

 

 

 

 

And under other conditions, it will articulate in a thinned way, and in these cases, the sound does not go towards the palate.

 

 

 

 

ر#The liberation, The sound is uncompressed between the tongue and the palate.

 

 

 

 

ر# At takrīr: vibration of the tip of the tongue naturally associated with the letter Ra(ر).

 

 

ر# Alinhìraf: deviation of the sound from its original point of articulation, here, the sound is deflected towards the middle of the tongue, hence the name "constrictive medians with beats".

 The letter Zay(ز) is pronounced as the"Z" of the word "Base" in english.

This letter is a vocal continuons median constrictive letter.

 

 

From the auditory point of view, they are called whistling,the air passes through a very narrow canal, formed by the anterior part of the tongue, which, arranged in the form of a gutter,

 

 

approaches the alveoli of the upper incisors; The lips are open in a horizontal slot and the commissures slightly apart.

 

 

From the point of view of its articulation, the Zay(ز) occurs with the tip of the tongue in contact with the base of the internal surface of the lower incisors(the sound passing between the upper and lower incisors).

 

 

 

 

The distinctive features of the letter Zay (ز):

 

 

 

 

ز#Vocal, Absence of breath, the sound is produced by the vocal cords that vibrate by contraction of specific muscles!

 

 

 

ز #Al 'Ismât, The impediment,

It is a heaviness that affects the letter, because of its pronunciation and its articulation does not occur on the tip of the tongue or lips! 

 

 

 

 

ز# The Release,Total sound flow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

ز#Al Istifal, The sound does not go toward the palate 

 

 

 

   

ز#The Opening, The libération,The sound is not trapped between the tongue and the palate.

 

 

 

ز# Aš šafir: The whistle, intensity of sound, resulting from its passage through a narrow place.

 

The letter Sād(ص) is pronounced as 's' english, but with the mouth more closed and a lower intonation.

 

 

 

 

The easiest way to say it is to produce a vowel before and after it in a lower and deeper tone.

 

 

 

 

The letter Sād is an emphatic deaf fricative whistle(emphatic of the "S").

 

 

 

 

Its articulation is made with the tip of the tongue resting on the inner face of the lower incisors,

 

 

 

but unlike the Siin,

 the space between the back of the tongue and the palate will be enlarged by retraction of the middle of the tongue.

 

 

 

 

This enlargement produces the

Emphatic.

 

 

 

 

 

The distinctive features in the articulation of the letter Sād(ص):

 

 

 

 

 

ص#Unvoiced, Presence of breath to articulates the sound!

 

 

 

 

ص #Al 'Ismât, The impediment,

It is a heaviness that affects the letter, because of its pronunciation and its articulation does not occur on the tip of the tongue or lips!  

 

 

 

 

ص#The Release,Total sound flow.

 

 

 

 

  

 

ص#The Elévation,The sound goes towards the palate.

 

 

 

 

ص#The Compression,The sound is compressed between the tongue and the palate.

 

 

 

 

ص# Aš šafīr: Whistling sound related to the intensity of the sound resulting from its passage through a narrow place of the breath!

The letter Dād(ض) has no equivalence, it is present only in the Arabic language.

Linguists, like to call the Arabic, the language of the Dād(ض)!

 

 

 

Its sound resembles that of "d"

english, but in a very emphatic way.

 The Dād is a vocal Occlusive

emphatic letter.

 

 

The sound is produced by gluing the tip of the tongue to the alveolar part and the back of the upper incisors while exerting pressure with one or both sides of the tongue or both together on the upper molars.

 

 

 

The distinctive features of the letter Dād(ض):

 

 

 

 

  

ض#Vocal, Absence of breath, the sound is produced by the action of the vocal cords!

 

 

 

 

ض #Al 'Ismât, The impediment,

It is a heaviness that affects the letter, because of its pronunciation and its articulation does not occur on the tip of the tongue or lips!  

 

 

  

 

ض #The Release, Total sound flow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ض#Al Istifal,The sound is not directed towards the palate.

 

 

 

 

 

ض#The compression, The sound is compressed between the tongue and the palate.

 

 

 

 

ض# Alistitālah: Impulse of the tongue coming from the bottom of the mouth to the front of the mouth during its pronunciation, the tip of the tongue sticking to the root of the upper incisors.

 

 

Etymologically, the Arabic term Alistitālah means "impulse", like the movement initiated by the tongue which projects from its case to come "crush" the tip of the tongue at the level of the upper incisors!

 

 

  

This sudden stop of the impulse gives its so specific sonority!

 

 

 

Eain(ع) is a vocal median fricative or

Constrictive.

Its point of articulation is the pharynx.

 

 

 

 

The friction is caused by a tightening, due in particular to the recoin of the back of the tongue on the epiglottis.

 

 

 

 

 

The air flow is exhaled in a median direction and continuously.

 

 

 

 

 

 

The distinctive features of the letter

Eain(ع) during its articulation:

 

 

 

 

 

ع#Vocal, Absence of breath.

 The Sound is created with the participation of the vocal cords,

 

 

 

 

ع #Al 'Ismât, The impediment,

It is a heaviness that affects the letter, because of its pronunciation and its articulation does not occur on the tip of the tongue or lips! 

 

  

ع#The Clarification, Partial flow of sound, these characteristics are highlighted when the letter possesses Assoukoun(small circle representing the "absence of vowel").

 

  

 

 

ع#Al Istifal,The sound does not go toward the palate.

 

 

 

 

 

ع#The Libération,The sound is not trapped between the tongue and the palate.